FIFTH TASK 2

Underlying assumptions:

Passage 6.4.
According to overture.com, more people search for information about the modern scientist, Emeagwali, on the internet than any other scientist. The number of pages downloaded are the equivalent to a best-selling book. Everybody must have heard about his discoveries by now.

Assumption 1: Everybody knows who Emeagwali is and what his discoveries are.
Assumption 2: The audience understands what a best-selling book means.

Implicit assumptions used as reasons:

Passage 6.9.

People used plants as a method of curing illness for centuries before the advent of modern medicines. The same plants are often used by the pharmaceutical industry as the basis for the medicines we use even today. Medicines are now expensive to produce and purchase. It would be better if we returned to traditional methods, using leaves and roots of plants rather than mass-produced pharmaceuticals.

Assumption 1: Pharmaceutical and traditional medicine are equally useful to cure illness since plants are the basis of both. 
Assumption 2: Medicine in traditional methods is less expensive than medicine in the pharmaceutical industry.

False premises:

Passage 6.15.

Cities are too polluted by cars' exhausted fumes and chemicals pumped into the air. In the countryside, the air is free of pollution. People ought to stop living in cities as it is healthier to live in the countryside.

Premise 1: It assumes the countryside is completely free of pollution, it just takes into account gasses emitted by traffic while Ozone, which is a pollutant, is higher in rural areas.

Implicit arguments:

Passage 6.27.

Anna is eight years old now and it is time she was sent away to work. The farm at Nexby requires a pair of hands to help gather hay and feed the pigs and chickens. They will take her on and pay her room and board. She will only work from 6 a.m. until 6 p.m. every day. They are good people and will see that she does not fall into sin through idleness. Anna will be allowed home most years for Christmas day.

Argument 1: Eight years is the age at which children have to start working.
Argument 2: It's a tradition that children are sent away to work.
Argument 3: Idle children are sinners. 

Stereotypes:

We'll decorate the room pink as they have two girls.

Stereotype: It's a gender stereotype which say "blue is for boys and pink is for girls". 
What I consider completely wrong because colors don't have gender. Everybody can wear the color they want; women can like blue, green, black, etc.

Assuming causal links:

Passage 7.1. 

Life expectancy is much higher in Western countries than in the past. Obesity is also much higher. Therefore, obesity must increase our life expectancy.

Causal link 1: The two trends of life expectancy and obesity can be correlated. Life expectancy is an effect caused by obesity.

Identifying the nature of the link:

Passage 7.6.

Marie Curie, Einstein, and Darwin had long hair. They were all great scientist. Therefore, to be a great scientist you need long hair.

Nature of the link: The conclusion only works if there is an assumption or assumptions that are not covered by the reasons.
Assumption: All people who have long hair are great scientists. 

False analogies:

Passage 7.12.

As the basis of an argument, the premises are like the foundation of a building. If the premises are not well-founded, the argument is likely to collapse. 

Analogies: 
Premises are like the foundation of a building. 
The argument is like a building.

These comparisons are valid since they give a better and more accurate understanding of the situation.